Every year in Korea, approximately 105,000 people experience a new or recurrent stroke and more than 26,000 die of stroke, indicating that every 5 minutes stroke attacks someone and every 20 minutes stroke kills someone. Encouragingly, stroke mortality has decreased by 28.3% in the first decade of the 21st century, possibly due to improvements in risk factor control and acute stroke care.1 However, because of the rapid increase of the elderly population in Korea,2 the fastest among the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries,3 stroke incidence is projected to increase by 3.5-fold by 2030.4 To cope with the tremendous stroke burden in the decades to come, the acute stroke care needs to be provided in a more efficient way, in parallel with efforts to prevent stroke. Reperfusion therapy, stroke unit care, and other evidence-based acute stroke therapies must undoubtedly improve the functional outcome and quality of life of acute stroke victims and reduce the burden of stroke on society and patients' families.
To delineate the current status of the burden, public awareness, and acute management of stroke in Korea, the Korean Stroke Society (http://www.stroke.or.kr/) and the Clinical Research Center for Stroke (http://www.stroke-crc.or.kr/) decided to summarize a representative summary of stroke statistics. As a result, we published Stroke Statistics in Korea: Part I Epidemiology and Risk factors.1 The present article aimed to summarize data on public awareness, pre-hospital delay, the status of thrombolysis, and the quality of acute stroke care. We searched the most representative national data from reports of the Korean government or related organizations. When nationally representative data were not available, we searched and summarized data from published articles, recognizing the limitations. Along with the earlier report on epidemiology and risk factors for stroke, this summary will serve as a valuable resource for healthcare providers, researchers, policy makers, and the public who seek the best national data on public awareness and acute stroke care in Korea.
Public awareness: stroke definition, risk factors, warning signs, and act on stroke
Public awareness of stroke definition, risk factors, warning signs, and act on stroke is the important step in the chain of stroke survival and outcome improvement. To review the current status of public awareness in Korea, we systematically searched PubMed and KoreaMed with the terms "stroke" or "cerebrovascular" AND "awareness" or "recognition" or "knowledge" or "perspective" AND "Korea". Then, we selected population-based studies with a sufficient sample size (at least 500). For pre-hospital delay and thrombolysis, we searched articles with the terms "stroke" or "cerebrovascular" AND "delay" or "alert" or "activation" or "computer" AND "hospital" AND "Korea", or with the terms "stroke" or "cerebrovascular" AND "119" or "EMS" or "paramedic" AND "Korea". For these issues, well-designed, small, hospital-based studies were also considered.
In studies of public awareness of stroke definition, only 44.8% of respondents in a study using open-ended question were able to correctly state that stroke is a vascular disease of the brain was,5 whereas the rates were 55.4-81.6% in studies using close-ended questions.6-8 Degenerative or aging process in the brain and convulsive disorder were the most common incorrect responses. In a recent survey sampling a nationwide representative population, people of middle age, and those with hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and a family history of stroke were more likely to have correct knowledge of stroke definition.8
Several studies using open-ended questions have indicated that public knowledge of risk factors for stroke remains poor.7-11 Only about 50% of the public were able to identify at least 1 stroke risk factor (range, 48.1-56.4%)(Figure 1). Among the risk factors, hypertension was the most commonly recognized risk factor, but awareness of this risk factor was generally low (range, 22.3-44.0%). In all studies, smoking, a highly preventable risk factor, was less well recognized as a risk factor for stroke (range, 0.2-21.2%), and fewer than 15% of respondents identified diabetes and hypercholesterolemia as risk factors (Figure 2). Knowledge of risk factors is lower in the Korean population than in the US population.12 In contrast, studies employing close-ended questions have resulted in higher percentages of respondents identifying risk factors (Figure 2).5-7,13 However, stress, an as yet unproven risk factor, was more often recognized as a risk factor (range, 59.7-87.8%) than other well-documented and modifiable risk factors. Lower education level, older age, and incorrect knowledge of stroke definition were associated with reduced risk factor awareness.5,7,8,10 In one study, current smokers had poorer awareness of risk factors.7 Interestingly, several studies found that people having stroke risk factors did not have a better knowledge of stroke risk factors than those without stroke risk factors.6,7,10 These findings suggest that physicians need to endeavor to further educate their patients on the goal of the management and control of their risk factors.
For stroke warning signs, studies questioning in an open-ended fashion showed that 60-75% of the Korean people were able to correctly identify one or more stroke warning signs.8,9 However, another study showed that only 24.3% of respondents had knowledge of at least 2 stroke warning signs.5 Across all studies using open-ended or close-ended questions, sudden paresis or numbness was the most commonly recognized stroke symptom (range, 36.9-73.7%) (Figure 3).5-9 Except for one study surveying an urban population using close-ended questions,7 the awareness of other stroke warning signs was generally low: speech disturbance was recognized by 2.4-26.9%, visual disturbance by 0.6-2.5%, dizziness or imbalance by 4.8-14.2%, and sudden severe headache by 0.2-4.7%. People with lower educational level were less likely to have knowledge of stroke warning signs,5,7,8 and incorrect knowledge of stroke definition was also associated with reduced awareness of stroke warning signs.5,7
For act on stroke, a recent survey sampling a nationwide representative population showed that only 33% of respondents chose the proper action of calling emergency medical services (EMS) if they had a stroke warning sign. Compared with younger people, the middle-aged population was more likely to choose the appropriate act on stroke.8 However, 68.6% of urban people aged ≥50 years and 79.0% of people voluntarily participating in a nationwide stroke educational program performed by the Korean Stroke Society responded that they would call EMS.7,10 Therefore, people who are interested in stroke prevention and treatment are more likely to have a better knowledge of act on stroke.
For thrombolysis, 31% of the general public who were surveyed in a nationwide representative sampling had some knowledge of thrombolysis,8 and the percentage was greater than the 19% reported in a US study.12 However, in a multicenter study conducted in the Seoul metropolitan area enrolling patients with acute ischemic stroke within 48 hours of onset, only 18% of patients were aware of thrombolysis. Of them, 87% knew that thrombolysis should be performed as soon as possible or within 3 hours. In this study, patient's or bystander's knowledge of stroke warning signs reduced the pre-hospital delay, and people with higher educational level were more likely to have knowledge of thrombolysis.14
Across all studies, media broadcasting (television or radio) was the most common source of information about stroke (Figure 4).5-9 In most studies, laypersons such as family members, friends, and neighbors were more often cited as sources of information than were experts; this phenomenon has the potential to drive public knowledge away from science-based principles.5-7,9 Reflecting the advancement of information technology, a recent survey showed that the internet was ranked second among the sources of information for people aged 20-39 years.8 Therefore, academic societies need to provide scientific knowledge in more appropriate and understandable ways.
Public knowledge of stroke has been investigated in different populations and with different methods. Accordingly, the current summary provided an overview of public awareness across diverse populations, but could not adequately assess temporal trends. However, studies using almost identical methods have shown that the public's recognition of hypertension and hyperlipidemia as risk factors for stroke has improved.9,11
Pre-hospital delay
According to the Report of Assessment for Quality of Acute Stroke Care in Korea 2010 which analyzed data from patients admitted via the emergency room (ER) within 7 days of onset, the median interval from onset to ER admission was 243 minutes(interquartile range [IQR], 82-894 minutes) and the mean interval was 824±1,437 minutes. The prehospital delay was greater in patients with ischemic stroke than in those with hemorrhagic stroke (median [IQR], 350 [107-1,179] minutes vs 141 [56-387] minutes; mean ± standard deviation, 959±1,504 minutes vs 554±1,250 minutes). Compared with data from 2005 and 2008, the prehospital delay was greater in 2010 (Figure 5).15-17 For any stroke, the proportions of patients arriving within 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, and 6 hours were 19.4%, 33.7%, 43.3%, and 58.4% in 2010, respectively; these values were lower than those from 2008. For ischemic stroke, the proportions of patients arriving within 2 hours and 3 hours, who could be eligible for the <3 hours and <4.5 hours intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV-TPA) time windows, were 27.8% and 36.3% in 2010; these values were lower than those from 2008 (Figure 6).16,17 However, a nationwide hospital-based stroke registry study showed contrary findings: the proportion of patients with ischemic stroke admitted within 3 hours of symptom onset increased from 20.2% in 2002 to 28.6% in 2010 (p for trends<0.001) (Figure 7).18
The Report of Assessment for Quality of Acute Stroke Care in Korea 2010 showed that patients transported by EMS, compared with those who were not, had a shorter prehospital delay (median [IQR], 162 [50-526] minutes vs 468 [140-1,425] minutes; mean±standard deviation, 603±1,226 minutes vs 1,125±1,641 minutes) and were more likely to arrive within 3 hours (Figures 8, 9). In a multicenter study of 14 hospitals in the Seoul metropolitan area enrolling patients with ischemic stroke within 48 hours, the utilization of EMS was independently associated with arrival within 3 hours of stroke onset (53.6% vs 29.7%).14 Awareness of stroke warning signs, knowledge of thrombolysis, and severe stroke were other independent predictors for early arrival, after adjusting for covariates.14 Several hospital-based studies also demonstrated that EMS use was associated with earlier arrival.19-21
Prehospital notification from EMS
No nationwide representative data are available on the rates of prehospital notification by EMS of a potential stroke. However, it is generally assumed that the rate of prehospital notification is quite low in Korea. Even for a center with a formal EMS prehospital notification system, prehospital notification was performed for fewer than one-third of patients treated with IV-TPA.22 In that study, IV-TPA treatment rate increased after the implementation of the prehospital notification system, and door-to-imaging and door-to-needle intervals were significantly shorter for patients with prehospital notification than for those without prehospital notification.
A study performed in the Busan area in 2010 showed that the mean interval between a patient's or relative's call to EMS and hospital arrival was 26 minutes; this indicates fast deployment and transportation of EMS personnel. Stroke diagnosis by EMS personnel was correct in only 42.5% of cases. However, the study did not use a formal stroke screening test, such as Los Angeles Prehospital Stroke Screen or Cincinnati Prehosptial Stroke Scale,23,24 which have proved effective in diagnosing stroke patients in the field.
Since acute stroke therapies are critically time-dependent and EMS is an essential element in the chain of stroke survival and outcome improvement, nationwide standardized education and stroke care protocols for EMS need to be implemented.
Thrombolysis
The Report of Assessment for Quality of Acute Stroke Care in Korea 2010 analyzed data from 7,864 patients with acute stroke admitted to 201 hospitals via the ER within 7 days of stroke onset for a 3-month period in 2010: 5,264 (66.0%) were ischemic stroke patients and 2,600 (33.1%) were hemorrhagic stroke patients. Of 5,264 patients with ischemic stroke, 7.9% were treated with IV-TPA. This rate was higher than the 4.6% reported for 2005, but lower than the 8.7% reported for 2008 (Figure 10).15-17 The most common reason for the exclusion of IV-TPA treatment in 2010 was arrival after 3 hours (73.7%), followed by minor or rapidly improving symptoms (15.5%), risk of intracranial or extracranial bleeding (1.9%), refusal by patients or surrogates (0.8%), receipt of prior IV-TPA treatment in another hospital (0.8%), possibility of diagnosis other than stroke (0.6%), bleeding tendency in laboratory findings (0.5%), uncontrolled hypertension (0.4%), and others (5.8%). Among 1,018 patients arriving within 2 hours of onset, IV-TPA was considered for 93.5% in 2010; this figure is slightly higher than the 92.2% reported for 2008. In 2010, the rate of IV-TPA treatment in these patients was 40.9%, which was greater than the 36.7% reported for 2008. The reasons for treatment exclusion in patients presenting within 2 hours of onset were not reported.
Another nationwide hospital-based stroke registry study that enrolled all patients (admission via ER and outpatient clinic) showed that the thrombolysis rate has increased in Korea over the last decade.18 IV-TPA use has increased from 4.4% in 2002 to 6.0% in 2010, and any reperfusion therapy (intravenous and/or intra-arterial thrombolysis) has increased from 5.3% in 2002 to 7.0% in 2010.
According to data from the Report of Assessment for Quality of Acute Stroke Care in Korea 2010, among patients treated with IV-TPA, treatment was initiated within 1 hour of stroke onset in 3.6%, within 2 hours in 40.6%, and within 3 hours in 84.9%. The median interval from onset to treatment was 132.0 (IQR, 102.0-165.0) minutes, and the mean interval was 180.0 minutes; these figures were comparable to those for 2008 (median [IQR], 131.0 [100.0-169.0]; mean, 189.5). As compared to data from the 2008 Report of Assessment for Quality of Acute Stroke Care in Korea, the door-to-needle time substantially improved in 2010. Median door-to-needle time reduced from 60.0 (IQR, 46.0-83.0) minutes to 55.5 (41.0-80.0) minutes, and the mean door-to-needle time reduced from 102.8±404.6 minutes to 79.5±139.9 minutes (Figure 11). The proportion of treatment administered within 1 hour of arrival increased by an absolute 7% (from 50.9% in 2008 to 57.9% in 2010) (Figure 12).15-17 These rates were substantially higher than the 26.6% reported for hospitals participating in the Get With the Guidelines-Stroke Program in the United States.25 In a multicenter study implementing acute stroke code program that activates acute stroke teams using information technology and a computerized physician order entry system, the intervals from door to computed tomography (CT) scan, door to accessibility of complete blood counts result, and door to accessibility of prothrombin time results reduced by 7.7 minutes, 5.6 minutes, and 26.8 minutes, respectively, compared with intervals before the program implementation (P<0.001 for all).26 In a single-center study, patients who arrived earlier had longer in-hospital delays for IV-TPA treatment before the program implementation. However, the acute stroke code program abolished the inverse relationship between the onset-to-door and door-to-needle intervals.27
A nationwide survey of hospitals capable of providing IV-TPA treatment has not yet been performed. However, in a survey of 67 neurology training hospitals (representing 78.0% of all neurology training hospitals), all participating centers responded that they were capable of providing IV-TPA treatment 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year (24/7/365). The distribution of centers and the populations in each region are presented in Figure 13. In addition, intra-arterial thrombolysis was available 24/7/365 in 50 hospitals (74.6% of participating centers).28
Stroke unit and other resources
Since 2002 when the first stroke unit was established in Korea, the number of hospitals equipped with a stroke unit has increased. According to the Report of Assessment for Quality of Acute Stroke Care in Korea, the proportion of hospitals with a stroke unit has increased from 1.1% in 2005 to 19.4% in 2010 (Figure 14). In this assessment, a stroke unit was defined as an independent space where dedicated stroke nursing staffs were deployed, cardiac and oxygen monitoring systems were available, and neurological status was assessed using a validated stroke scale.
Another study surveying 67 neurology training hospitals (representing 78.0% of all training hospitals) showed that 43.3% of the participating hospitals had a stroke unit in 2010.28 The number of hospitals with a stroke unit has increased substantially between 2007 and 2010. For all participating hospitals with and without a stroke unit, CT and CT angiography were available 24/7/365. Carotid duplex sonography, transcranial Doppler, conventional catheter angiography, and magnetic resonance angiography were also available in almost all hospitals, and 73.1% of hospitals had an magnetic resonance imaging accessibility 24/7/365. All hospitals were capable of IV-TPA treatment and 50 hospitals (74.6%) could perform intra-arterial reperfusion therapy at any time. The facilities for and capability of providing acute reperfusion therapies did not differ between hospitals with and without a stroke unit. However, hospitals with a stroke unit were more likely to have stroke coordinators, general management protocols, and stroke team educational programs than those without a stroke unit.
Currently, the Korean government does not reimburse stroke unit care. Given the proven benefit of and the additional human and structural resource allocation for stroke unit care, reimbursement should be ensured to further implement stroke unit care.
Quality of acute stroke care
The Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service (HIRA) has assessed the quality of acute stroke care since 2005.15-17 In 2010, 13 indicators (one for structure and 12 for process) were assessed, including the new indicators of brain imaging within 1 hour for potential thrombolysis candidates, consideration of early rehabilitation within 3 days, and TPA administration rates in eligible patients (Table 1).
In 2010, the assessment was performed for 201 institutions (44 tertiary hospitals and 157 general hospitals) that claimed 10 or more acute stroke admissions via the ER (main disease with ICD 10 diagnostic code of I60-I63, admission within 7 days of onset) during the period from January to March 2010. For institutions that has fewer than 100 acute stroke inpatients, a complete survey was conducted, whereas institutions with 100 or more cases were assessed by a random sample of 100 cases. The overall performance rate for each indicator in the report was calculated from the data from institutions with ≥5 denominator cases for each indicator.29
In 2010, physicians of neurology, neurosurgery, and rehabilitation with stroke expertise were all available in 128 (63.7%) hospitals, an increase from the 112 (57.7%) hospitals reported for 2008.17
Performances in all indicators have steadily improved since 2005 (Figure 15).15-17,29 The mean performance rates for neurologic examination documentation, assessment of smoking history, lipid profile assessment, neuroimaging within 24 hours, antithrombotics within 48 hours, discharge on antithrombotics, and anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation were greater than 95% in 2010. The performance rates for dysphagia screening and consideration of IV-TPA were 93.2% and 93.5%, respectively. The magnitude of improvement was greatest for anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation (from 65.2% in 2005 to 99.1% in 2010) followed by lipid profile assessment (from 74.0% in 2005 to 96.0% in 2010).
The performance rates for new quality indicators were lower than those of previously assessed indicators. However, the performance rates were generally high: 92.5% for brain imaging within 1 hour for potential thrombolysis candidates, 89.4% for consideration of early rehabilitation within 3 days, and 74.0% for IV-TPA administration in eligible patients. Particularly, the rate of IV-TPA administration for eligible patients (74.0%) substantially improved by an absolute increase of 52.3%, as compared to the 21.7% in 2005 (it was not an assessment indicator in 2005) (Figure 15).
Summary
The current report shows that the public's knowledge of stroke definition, risk factors, warning signs, and act on stroke remains low. In-hospital critical pathways for acute stroke management have substantially improved, but the prehospital EMS system is not well integrated into acute stroke management. Overall quality of acute stroke care is generally high, but the availability of stroke unit care should be more widely implemented in Korea.
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