1. World Health Organization. Cardiovascular Disease Fact Sheet Geneva, CH: World Health Organization; 2017.
2. Sakakura K, Nakano M, Otsuka F, Ladich E, Kolodgie FD, Virmani R. Pathophysiology of atherosclerosis plaque progression.
Heart Lung Circ 2013;22:399-411.
3. Hansson GK, Libby P, Tabas I. Inflammation and plaque vulnerability.
J Intern Med 2015;278:483-493.
4. Noelle RJ, Ledbetter JA, Aruffo A. CD40 and its ligand, an essential ligand-receptor pair for thymus-dependent B-cell activation.
Immunol Today 1992;13:431-433.
5. Jobling K, Ng WF. CD40 as a therapeutic target in Sjögren’s syndrome.
Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018;14:535-537.
6. Lutgens E, Lievens D, Beckers L, Wijnands E, Soehnlein O, Zernecke A, et al. Deficient CD40-TRAF6 signaling in leukocytes prevents atherosclerosis by skewing the immune response toward an antiinflammatory profile.
J Exp Med 2010;207:391-404.
7. Lutgens E, Gorelik L, Daemen MJ, de Muinck ED, Grewal IS, Koteliansky VE, et al. Requirement for CD154 in the progression of atherosclerosis.
Nat Med 1999;5:1313-1316.
8. Lutgens E, Cleutjens KB, Heeneman S, Koteliansky VE, Burkly LC, Daemen MJ. Both early and delayed anti-CD40L antibody treatment induces a stable plaque phenotype.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:7464-7469.
9. Seijkens TTP, van Tiel CM, Kusters PJH, Atzler D, Soehnlein O, Zarzycka B, et al. Targeting CD40-induced TRAF6 signaling in macrophages reduces atherosclerosis.
J Am Coll Cardiol 2018;71:527-542.
10. Garlichs CD, John S, Schmeisser A, Eskafi S, Stumpf C, Karl M, et al. Upregulation of CD40 and CD40 ligand (CD154) in patients with moderate hypercholesterolemia.
Circulation 2001;104:2395-2400.
11. Heeschen C, Dimmeler S, Hamm CW, van den Brand MJ, Boersma E, Zeiher AM, et al. Soluble CD40 ligand in acute coronary syndromes.
N Engl J Med 2003;348:1104-1111.
12. Schönbeck U, Varo N, Libby P, Buring J, Ridker PM. Soluble CD40L and cardiovascular risk in women.
Circulation 2001;104:2266-2268.
13. Huang YQ, Jie LI, Chen JY, Tang ST, Huang C, Feng YQ. The relationship between soluble CD40 ligand level and atherosclerosis in white-coat hypertension.
J Hum Hypertens 2017;32:40-45.
14. Lobbes MB, Lutgens E, Heeneman S, Cleutjens KB, Kooi ME, van Engelshoven JM, et al. Is there more than C-reactive protein and fibrinogen? The prognostic value of soluble CD40 ligand, interleukin-6 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein with respect to coronary and cerebral vascular disease.
Atherosclerosis 2006;187:18-25.
15. de Lemos JA, Zirlik A, Schönbeck U, Varo N, Murphy SA, Khera A, et al. Associations between soluble CD40 ligand, atherosclerosis risk factors, and subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the Dallas Heart Study.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:2192-2196.
16. Verma S, Wang CH, Li SH, Lonn E, Charbonneau F, Title LM, et al. The relationship between soluble CD40 ligand levels and Framingham coronary heart disease risk score in healthy volunteers.
Atherosclerosis 2005;182:361-365.
17. Gergei I, Kälsch T, Scharnagl H, Kleber ME, Zirlik A, März W, et al. Association of soluble CD40L with short-term and long-term cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) study.
Atherosclerosis 2019;291:127-131.
18. Shore AC, Colhoun HM, Natali A, Palombo C, Östling G, Aizawa K, et al. Measures of atherosclerotic burden are associated with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a European cross-sectional study.
J Intern Med 2015;278:291-302.
19. Asciutto G, Edsfeldt A, Dias NV, Nilsson J, Prehn C, Adamski J, et al. Treatment with beta-blockers is associated with lower levels of Lp-PLA2 and suPAR in carotid plaques.
Cardiovasc Pathol 2013;22:438-443.
20. Kim HL, Kim SH. Pulse wave velocity in atherosclerosis.
Front Cardiovasc Med 2019;6:41.
21. Companjen AR, van der Wel LI, Boon L, Prens EP, Laman JD. CD40 ligation-induced cytokine production in human skin explants is partly mediated via IL-1.
Int Immunol 2002;14:669-676.
22. Basok A, Shnaider A, Man L, Chaimovitz C, Douvdevani A. CD40 is expressed on human peritoneal mesothelial cells and upregulates the production of interleukin-15 and RANTES.
J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:695-702.
23. Buhtoiarov IN, Lum H, Berke G, Paulnock DM, Sondel PM, Rakhmilevich AL. CD40 ligation activates murine macrophages via an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism resulting in tumor cell destruction in vitro.
J Immunol 2005;174:6013-6022.
24. Fouad HH, Al-Dera H, Bakhoum SW, Rashed LA, Sayed RH, Rateb MA, et al. Levels of sCD40 ligand in chronic and acute coronary syndromes and its relation to angiographic extent of coronary arterial narrowing.
Angiology 2010;61:567-573.
25. Lukasik M, Dworacki G, Kufel-Grabowska J, Watala C, Kozubski W. Upregulation of CD40 ligand and enhanced monocyte-platelet aggregate formation are associated with worse clinical outcome after ischaemic stroke.
Thromb Haemost 2012;107:346-355.
26. Blake GJ, Ostfeld RJ, Yucel EK, Varo N, Schönbeck U, Blake MA, et al. Soluble CD40 ligand levels indicate lipid accumulation in carotid atheroma: an in vivo study with high-resolution MRI.
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2003;23:e11-e14.
27. Balla J, Magyar MT, Bereczki D, Valikovics A, Nagy E, Barna E, et al. Serum levels of platelet released CD40 ligand are increased in early onset occlusive carotid artery disease.
Dis Markers 2006;22:133-140.
28. Contin C, Pitard V, Delmas Y, Pelletier N, Defrance T, Moreau JF, et al. Potential role of soluble CD40 in the humoral immune response impairment of uraemic patients.
Immunology 2003;110:131-140.
29. Bae SC, Lee YH. Association between CD40 polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus and correlation between soluble CD40 and CD40 ligand levels in the disease: a meta-analysis.
Lupus 2019;28:1452-1459.
30. Durakoğlugil ME, Kocaman SA, Çetin M, Kirbas A, Canga A, Erdoğan T, et al. Increased circulating soluble CD40 levels in patients with slow coronary flow phenomenon: an observational study.
Anadolu Kardiyol Derg 2013;13:39-44.
31. Buchhave P, Janciauskiene S, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Minthon L, Hansson O. Elevated plasma levels of soluble CD40 in incipient Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurosci Lett 2009;450:56-59.
32. Ridker PM, Everett BM, Thuren T, MacFadyen JG, Chang WH, Ballantyne C, et al. Antiinflammatory therapy with canakinumab for atherosclerotic disease.
N Engl J Med 2017;377:1119-1131.
33. Wirka RC, Wagh D, Paik DT, Pjanic M, Nguyen T, Miller CL, et al. Atheroprotective roles of smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and the TCF21 disease gene as revealed by single-cell analysis.
Nat Med 2019;25:1280-1289.
34. Fernandez DM, Rahman AH, Fernandez NF, Chudnovskiy A, Amir ED, Amadori L, et al. Single-cell immune landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques.
Nat Med 2019;25:1576-1588.
35. Cha JK, Jeong MH, Jang JY, Bae HR, Lim YJ, Kim JS, et al. Serial measurement of surface expressions of CD63, P-selectin and CD40 ligand on platelets in atherosclerotic ischemic stroke. A possible role of CD40 ligand on platelets in atherosclerotic ischemic stroke.
Cerebrovasc Dis 2003;16:376-382.